Research

PUBLISHED RESEARCH

Various universities and research partners have published a number of research articles in recent years on our models. Scroll through the list below to review some of the publications. 

Improving Self-Regulation: Resiliency Skills in the Classroom

Neal, A.M., Donohoe, M., Gaffney, K.C. (2024)

“This pilot project used descriptive statistics to analyze the feasibility of incorporating resiliency skills [CRM] into an elementary school curriculum and the resulting impact on self-regulation among school-aged children…Improvements were identified in self-esteem, compassion, and classroom behavior.”

Navigating Challenges: The Impact of Community Resiliency Model Training on Nurse Leaders

Travis, J. R., Morson, D. M., Montgomery, A. P., Ruffin, A., Polancich, S., Beam, T., Blackburn, C., Carter, J., Dick, T., Westbrook, J., Woodward, L., & Patrician, P. A. (2024)

“These findings suggest that Community Resiliency Model training is an effective intervention for enhancing nurse leader well-being and suggests broader implications for organizational well-being initiatives in health care settings.”

Pilot Study of a Resiliency Based and Trauma Informed Intervention for Veterans

Baek, K., Freman, K. R., Truong, S., Bell C., & Montgomery, S. B. (2024)

“…the results of our pilot evaluation suggest that providing CRM trainings to veterans would have a positive impact on participants’ mental health symptoms and well-being and would be well received by other veterans due to the lack of stigma attached to the resiliency framing of the program. The resiliency framing taps into veteran’s innate resilience as a protective factor in their daily functioning. The fact that at the 6-month follow-up, 82% of the trainees reported that they were using the skills daily to a few times per week suggests that the CRM skills were indeed helpful in reducing harmful behaviors that result from a dysregulated nervous system.”

Building Resilience and Improving Wellbeing in Sierra Leone Using the Community Resiliency Model Post Ebola

Aréchiga, A., Freeman, K., Tan, A., Lou, J., Lister, Z., Buckles, B., & Montgomery, S. (2023).

“Results indicated that using the CRM intervention resulted in significantly improved mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms) immediately after the intervention, which was maintained 6-months after program delivery…in a post-intervention focus group conducted by hospital leadership, all participants indicated strong enthusiasm for the intervention and noted a strong fit with their culture and need. Most wanted to become trainers to then share the intervention with their local communities as we had originally planned.”

The Community Resiliency Model, An Interoceptive Awareness Tool to Support Population Mental Wellness

Grabbe, L., Duva, I. M., & Nicholson, W. C. (2023)

“CRM is part of shift toward a strengths-based, biologically focused resiliency perspective for population mental health, and a front-end self-care wellness strategy to help people experiencing mental distress.”

Practical Resiliency Training for Healthcare Workers During COVID-19: Results from a Randomised Controlled Trial Testing the Community Resiliency Model for Well-being Support

Duva, I. M., Higgins, M. K., Baird, M., Lawson, D., Murphy, J. R., Grabbe, L. (2022)

“…participants had a significantly improved perception of team relations, with a moderate effect size (0.41), suggesting a clinically meaningful improvement over the 3-month study period. CRM may support an individual HCW’s ability to stay emotionally regulated under stress and to maintain a teamwork perspective. This has implications for quality patient care.”

Role of Community Resiliency Model Skills Training in Trauma Healing Among 1994 Tutsi Genocide Survivors in Rwanda

Habimana, S., Biracyaza, E., Habumugisha, E., Museka, E., Mutabaruka, J., Montgomery, S.B. (2021)

“The CRM intervention was found to be effective for improving mental health in 1994 Tutsi genocide survivors. The CRM trainings resulted in significant within-person declines of depressive symptoms, perceived secondary traumatic stress, and trauma-related symptoms. Training participants also reported significant increases in perceived CRM benefits and satisfaction.”

Exploring the Usability of a Community Resiliency Model Approach in a High Need/Low Resourced Traumatized Community

Freeman, K., Baek, K., Kelley, V., Miller-Karas, E., Citron, S., Montgomery, S. (2021)

“The Community Resiliency Model (CRM)® was taught to a high-crime, low-income community designated as a Mental Health Provider Shortage Area. Pre-to post comparison analyses showed a significant decrease in distress indicators and increase in well-being indicators.”

Impact of a Resiliency Training to Support the Mental Well-being of Front-line Workers Brief Report of a Quasi-experimental Study of the Community Resiliency Model

Grabbe, L., Higgins, M. K., Baird, M., Craven, P. A., & San Fratello, S. (2020)

Brief Report

“After a 3-hour CRM training, participants reported improved mental well-being and decreased secondary traumatic stress and somatic symptoms. This simple body awareness intervention may be a good resource during the COVID-19 pandemic.”

The Community Resiliency Model® to Promote Nurse Well-Being

Grabbe, L., Higgins, M. K., Baird, M., Craven, P. A., & San Fratello, S. (2019)

Randomized Control Trial Study

“Moderate-to-large effect sizes were demonstrated in the CRM group for improved well-being, resiliency, secondary traumatic stress, and physical symptoms. Participants reported using CRM techniques for self-stabilization during stressful work events.”

The Community Resiliency Model: A Pilot of an Interoception Intervention to Increase the Emotional Self-Regulation of Women in Addiction Treatment

Grabbe, L., Higgins, M., Jordan, D. Noxsel, L., Gibson, B. & Murphy, J. (2020)

“A post-test was completed by 20 women three weeks after the class. Three of the measures (anger, anxiety, and physical symptoms) showed a statistically significant decline, and sense of well-being had increased significantly…Fourteen of the women used the skills daily or several times a day in diverse settings, and ten had taught the skills to others.”

A Case for Using Biologically-Based Mental Health Intervention in Post-Earthquake China

Laurie Leitch & Elaine Miller-Karas (2009)

"Over 98% of the respondents to these items reported being moderately to very satisfied with TRM training, as well as with TRM skills as a tool for self-care and for use with survivors....the majority of trainees (79.9%) said it would help them relieve or reduce symptoms, such as emotional issues, trauma, stress, lack of confidence, and pain/discomfort..."

Somatic Experiencing Treatment with Social Service Workers Following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita

Laurie Leitch, Jan Vanslyke, and Marisa Allen (2009)

"The results...do suggest that SE/TRM was effective in attenuating the observed emergence of PTSD symptoms and promoted resiliency. Although both groups showed an increase in psychological distress at follow-up, the SE/TRM treatment group reported significantly less severe psychological distress and increased resiliency, relative to the comparison group (whose resiliency scores had reversed at follow-up)."

PROGRAM EVALUATIONS/SURVEYS

In conjuncture with the publications, our research partners and staff have supported the publication of comprehensive program evaluations and surveys on our models. Scroll through the list below to review those publications. 

Community Resiliency Model Evaluation, California Mental Health Services Act

Trauma Resource Institute (2013)

"...statistically significant decreases in the average number of depression, hostility, anxiety, and somatic symptoms and statistically significant increases in the average number of symptoms related to relaxed, contented, somatic well-being, and friendly indicators."

Community Resiliency Model Evaluation, Veteran Extension Project, California Mental Health Services Act

Trauma Resource Institute (2013)

"The largest improvements are related to participants’ ability to self regulate emotions of agitation, anger, impulsivity, with proclivity towards self-medication through substances...3-6 months after the training...over 90% of the respondents either completely or somewhat agreed that the CRM skills were useful in managing stress (100%), having better self control (94%), and helping get through hard times (91%)."

Trauma Resiliency Model (TRM) Analysis: Trauma Resiliency Model (TRM) Survey Results; conducted by the County of San Bernardino Department of Behavioral Health

Mariann Ruffalo, MBA (2012)

"Over 83% of the respondents use the TRM techniques they learned. 76.5% of the respondents use the TRM techniques at work. Interestingly, 61% us the TRM techniques outside of work...When the respondents were asked if they found TRM useful, 91% responded yes."